CARO 2003 Audit Notes in Hindi - कंपनी अंकेक्षक प्रतिवेदन आदेश - 2003

कंपनी अंकेक्षक प्रतिवेदन आदेश – 2003

 

गूगल डॉक्स पर पढने के लिए कृपया यहाँ क्लिक करें

Kinds Of Agent

There can be many type of agents depending upon responsibilities and resources delegated to them, nature of transaction in which agency exists, expanse of agency, area of authority of agent etc.
Some major classes of Agents are mentioned below-

1. Special Agent-
   * Agent for Special Task
   * Powers and Responsibilities limited to special task only
   * Limited Authority
   * Agency terminated with accomplishment of purpose
   

Modes Of Creation Of Agency

1. EXPRESS AGREEMENT – An Agreement is entered into which results in the creation of Agency
2. IMPLIED AGREEMENT –
                        * Agency by Estoppel
                        * Agency by holding out
3. AGENCY BY NECESSITY
4. AGENCY BY OPERATION OF LAW
5. AGENCY BY RATIFICATION

Conditions or Essentials for a valid Tender

Below are some of the pre-requisites of a valid tender -

1. The Tender must be unconditional
2. The Tender must be for the whole obligation
3. The Tender must be given at a proper time
4. The Tender must be given at a proper place
5. The Tender must give a reasonable opportunity of inspection
6. The party giving the tender must be willing to perform its part of obligations
7. The Tender must be made to the proper person
8. The Tender must be made for the exact amount of money

Types of Tenders and their Effects

Tender is a means (arising out of certain conditions) by which a Contract is deemed to be performed. Since, recent Examination pattern of IPCC & CPT is more logic oriented rather then based on just cramming; tender qualifies the criteria to be considered as a promising topic.

Query Language, SQL and its parts

A Query Language is a set of commands to create, update, access data from database allowing users to raise adhoc queries/questions interactively without the help of programmers

There Exists Different set of Commands under each Language component of SQL

These Components/Commands are made clear and can be understood by the hierarchical chart given below :

Presentation of Information to Management under Marginal Costing

Sales
(-) Direct Material                                                          xxxxx             
(-) Direct Labour                                                           xxxxx              
(-) Variable Factory Overhead                                      xxxxx              
(-) Variable Selling and Distribution Expenses             xxxxx  

Presentation of Information to Management under Absorption Costing

STATEMENT OF NET PROFIT [AS PER ABSORPTION COSTING]
Sales                                                                                   xxxxx
(-) Direct Material                                                                xxxxx
(-) Direct Labour                                                                 xxxxx
(-) Direct Expenses{Factory Overhead}                            xxxxx

Benefits of using DBMS

Data Base Management System acts as a route map to a distributed bunch of Database(s)

• Reduced Data redundancy and inconsistency
  
• Enhanced data integrity and security
  
• Provide logical and physical data independence
  
• Provide application Data Independence

Data Base and Data Base Management System[DBMS]

Data Base is a COMPUTER FILE SYSTEM that uses particular file organization to facilitate rapid updating of individual records, simultaneous updating of related records, easy access to all records, by all applications, programs, and rapid access to all stored data which must be bought together for a particular routine report or inquiry or a special purpose report or inquiry. As far as pats of DBMS are concerned, it consists of Data, Hardware, Software & User.